The Heavens Reflect Our Labours

"The Heavens Reflect Our Labours"

The motto of the town of Scunthorpe, along with its coat of arms, was proudly displayed on our old school uniforms prior to the merger of Scunthorpe Boys School with the nearby Grammar School . 

I vividly recall the year 1968, particularly the black blazers paired with the green of the Grammar School. During that first morning assembly for Years 2 and 3, there was a sense of chaos that morning as we pushed and shoved each other, as if we were from entirely different worlds. During that time, it was almost a given that the majority of male children would be expected to find their future in the steelworks. I suppose that the children graduating from grammar schools were destined to become the local leaders in the industry, while those of us who did not pass the 11-plus exam and ended up in the local secondary modern schools would find our paths leading to blue-collar jobs in the industry. My formal education imparted a crucial lesson: the distinction between grammar schools and secondary modern schools was merely an exercise in divide and rule. Despite attending different schools, we all shared the same streets and played together on weekends and during holidays.

Comprehensive education in the United Kingdom was largely introduced by the Labour government in the 1960s. The key figure behind this initiative was Anthony Crosland, who served as the Secretary of State for Education and Science from 1965 to 1967. The aim was to create a more equal education system by replacing the tripartite system of grammar, secondary modern, and technical schools with comprehensive schools that would serve all children regardless of their ability or background. The concept gained traction and was implemented in various local education authorities throughout the UK.

Scunthorpe Steelworks Has A Rich And Storied History

A town built upon steel and It's former local commodity iron the crucial ingredient for the world's iron and steel industries, and is primarily used to make steel, which is then utilized in construction, transportation, and other industries.

The steelworks in Scunthorpe began to take shape in the late 19th century. The discovery of iron ore in the 1850s paved the way for the establishment of iron and steel industries. 

The Sheffield family played a significant role in the development of the steel industry in the UK, particularly in Sheffield, which became famous for its high-quality steel production. While the Sheffield family is more commonly associated with Sheffield's steel heritage, Scunthorpe also became a notable center for steel production in the 20th century.

The Scunthorpe steelworks, primarily developed by the British Steel Corporation, became one of the largest steel production facilities in the UK. It was established after World War II, with its roots tracing back to the ironworks that existed in the area. The region's iron ore reserves and its strategic location for rail and shipping contributed to its growth as a steel production hub.

The Sheffield family is often associated with the development of a unique type of steel known as crucible steel, which was produced in Sheffield from the 18th century onwards. This type of steel was known for its high quality and was used in various applications, including cutlery and tools. The family and other local industrialists helped establish Sheffield as a center for steel production, leading to innovations and advancements in metallurgy.

In contrast, Scunthorpe's steelworks emerged later, primarily in the mid-20th century. The area became prominent due to its rich iron ore deposits, which were essential for steel manufacturing. After World War II, the British Steel Corporation was formed, and Scunthorpe became one of its key production sites. The steelworks in Scunthorpe grew rapidly and became one of the largest integrated steelworks in the UK, contributing significantly to the local economy and employment.

The Scunthorpe steelworks underwent various changes and ownerships over the years, including privatisation and restructuring in the late 20th century. Despite facing challenges, including market fluctuations and competition from abroad, the site has continued to evolve and adapt to new technologies in steel production.

Today, the legacy of both Sheffield and Scunthorpe remains significant in the history of the British steel industry, showcasing advancements in engineering and metallurgy that have had lasting impacts on manufacturing. 

The Sheffield family, particularly figures like Benjamin Huntsman in the 18th century, pioneered the production of crucible steel. Their innovations laid the groundwork for Sheffield's reputation as the "Steel City," leading to advancements in tool-making and cutlery.

By the mid-20th century, as the demand for steel grew, the focus of steel production expanded beyond Sheffield. Scunthorpe emerged as a significant player due to its rich iron ore deposits.

This shift was not directly linked to the Sheffield family but rather to larger industrial developments and the formation of the British Steel Corporation in 1967.

During World War II

During World War II, steel production at Scunthorpe played a crucial role in supporting the war effort in the UK. 

The war led to a significant increase in the demand for steel, which was essential for manufacturing weapons, vehicles, ships, and other military equipment. Scunthorpe's steelworks were pivotal in meeting this demand.

To meet wartime demands, steelworks in Scunthorpe were expanded, and production processes were optimized. This included the use of modern techniques and equipment, which had been developed in the years leading up to the war.

The workforce in Scunthorpe adapted to the challenges of wartime production. Many men joined the armed forces, so women and older workers took on roles in the steelworks. This shift contributed to changes in labour dynamics and helped maintain production levels.

The experience gained during the war helped the Scunthorpe steelworks to transition into peacetime production, allowing them to continue to be a major player in the UK steel industry in the following decades.

At Its Peak In The 1970s

At its peak in the 1970s, Scunthorpe Steelworks employed around 30,000 workers. The saying goes that you could reliably set your watch by the moment Scunthorpe changed shifts, as a wave of bicycles would emerge from Appleby Frodingham. The facility was a significant part of the British steel industry during that time, contributing to both local employment and the national economy.

Industrial Action 

The history of strikes in Scunthorpe, particularly related to the steel industry, is significant and reflects broader trends in labour relations in the UK.

One of the most notable events occurred in the late 20th century when the steel industry faced challenges due to economic downturns and shifts in demand. The major strikes during this period often stemmed from disputes over pay, working conditions, and job security.

In the 1980s, the British steel industry underwent substantial restructuring, leading to numerous strikes as workers fought against layoffs and for better wages. The 1980s also saw the impact of privatization, which led to increased tensions between workers and management.

More recent industrial actions have occurred as the industry continues to deal with changing market conditions and competition from abroad, particularly in the face of globalization. Strikes in Scunthorpe have often been supported by broader labor movements and have highlighted issues such as workers' rights and the future of manufacturing in the UK.

Overall, the strike history in Scunthorpe is a reflection of the steel industry's evolution and the ongoing struggle for workers' rights in a changing economic landscape.

In the 1970s, Scunthorpe's steel industry experienced significant labour unrest, marked by unofficial strike actions. These strikes were part of a broader pattern of industrial action across the UK during a period characterized by economic challenges and labour disputes.

Unofficial strikes, also known as "wildcat strikes," occurred without the formal backing of trade unions. In Scunthorpe, these actions were primarily driven by dissatisfaction among steelworkers over pay, working conditions, and job security. The economic climate of the 1970s, marked by inflation and industrial decline, exacerbated tensions between workers and management.

The strikes in Scunthorpe reflected the frustrations of workers who felt that their concerns were not being adequately addressed through official channels. These actions often disrupted production and highlighted the critical role of steelworkers in the local and national economy. The 1970s were a turbulent time for labor relations in the UK, with Scunthorpe's steel industry being a focal point for broader industrial challenges.

During the 1970s, steelworkers in Scunthorpe engaged in unofficial strike actions that included dramatic demonstrations, such as stopping traffic. These actions were part of a broader wave of industrial unrest in the UK, driven by economic difficulties and dissatisfaction with working conditions and pay.

The decision to stop traffic was a tactic used by workers to draw public attention to their grievances and to exert pressure on both the management of the steelworks and the government. By disrupting daily life, the workers aimed to highlight the critical importance of the steel industry to the local economy and to underscore their demands for better wages and job security.

These actions were emblematic of the period's labour struggles, where unofficial strikes often occurred outside the framework of union-sanctioned activities. The steelworkers' actions in Scunthorpe were part of a larger narrative of industrial action during a decade marked by significant economic and social change in the UK.

The 1970s were marked by economic instability, including high inflation and unemployment. These factors put pressure on industries like steel, which were already facing global competition and declining demand.

The relationship between workers and management was strained, with workers feeling that their concerns over pay, job security, and working conditions were not being adequately addressed. This led to a rise in unofficial strikes as workers took matters into their own hands.

These actions often garnered significant media attention, bringing the issues faced by steelworkers into the national conversation. They also highlighted the broader challenges facing the UK's industrial sector during this period.

The most recent strike by Scunthorpe steelworkers occurred in 2019. This industrial action was part of a broader series of protests by workers at British Steel, driven by concerns over the company's financial difficulties and the potential impact on jobs and local economies. The strike was a response to the uncertainty surrounding the future of the steelworks, which had been placed into compulsory liquidation earlier that year. Workers were particularly concerned about job security and the preservation of the steel industry in the region. This period of unrest highlighted ongoing challenges in the UK steel industry, including competition from abroad and the need for government intervention to secure the industry's future. 

Nationalising And Investing Can Save The Industry 

While Scunthorpe Steel faces challenges, its future will depend on a combination of strategic investments, government support, and the ability to adapt to changing market and environmental conditions. The industry's resilience and adaptability will be key to securing its long-term viability.

It is possible to produce virgin steel in furnaces using carbon capture technology, and significant advancements have been made in this area. 

Producing virgin steel in furnaces with carbon capture technology is not only feasible but also a growing focus in the steel industry. With ongoing advancements, pilot projects, and supportive policies, the potential for developing these technologies further is significant.

I believe that relying on the market or private enterprises to develop this technology would not be effective. It is crucial for the well-being of the country and the local community that the government takes decisive action by fully nationalising the steel industry to protect and revitalise Scunthorpe.

The war to end all wars

For many years I have been captivated by the events of the First World War and the profound loss of life associated with it on all sides.  

Approximately 886,000 British soldiers lost their lives during the First World War. This figure includes members of the British Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Flying Corps.

This figure reflects the devastating human cost of the conflict, which lasted from 1914 to 1918. The British Expeditionary Force and subsequent volunteer/conscript armies faced significant losses in major battles like the Somme and Passchendaele.

The "iron harvest.

"The Battle of the Somme (1916) alone saw 57,470 British casualties on the first day, including 19,240 fatalities. 

It is estimated that about 750,000 British soldiers died during the conflict, and a significant portion of them was never recovered or identified. In recent years, particularly in 2024 and 2025, the remains of British soldiers from World War I have been unearthed, frequently as a result of construction or agricultural activities. Some of these soldiers have been identified and afforded military burials, while others continue to be designated as "Unknown Soldiers," as reported by BBC News. Two unidentified Scottish soldiers who lost their lives in World War One have been interred in France (2024) following the discovery of their remains during the construction of a hospital. War detectives from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) were summoned to assist in identifying the two men, believed to have perished during the Battle of Loos in 1915.

The remains of soldiers from the First World War continue to be discovered on farmland and former battlefields to this day, particularly in regions like France and Belgium where some of the most intense fighting occurred. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "iron harvest."

Public perception shifted

As World War I progressed and casualties mounted, public perception shifted dramatically from initial patriotic fervor to widespread disillusionment and anti-war sentiment. This transformation was driven by the scale of losses, media coverage, and societal impacts.

Early in the war, governments tightly controlled information to maintain morale. British media downplayed setbacks and emphasized patriotism, with censors omitting details of military blunders and casualties. For example, the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme was initially reported with vague or optimistic framing.

By 1917, soldiers’ letters and returning veterans exposed the grim reality, undermining earlier propaganda. The Central Sikh League and other groups mobilized against colonial policies, reflecting broader discontent.

The war’s end in 1918 left societies grappling with loss and questioning traditional authority. In Britain, veterans and civilians alike criticised leadership, paving the way for political changes like Labour’s rise and demands for social equity.

German casualties

Approximately 2 million German soldiers perished during World War I, though exact figures vary due to incomplete records and differing methodologies. 

German soldiers in World War I endured a harrowing transformation from patriotic enthusiasm to profound disillusionment, shaped by brutal combat, authoritarian military structures, and societal upheaval.

Many German soldiers initially joined the war with nationalist fervor, influenced by pre-war militarism that glorified service and obedience.

Conscription laws ensured mass mobilization, with soldiers subjected to strict discipline and hierarchical control, including physical punishments for insubordination.

By 1918, starvation from the Allied blockade, exhaustion, and awareness of the home front’s disintegration eroded soldiers’ resolve. The sudden armistice in November 1918 shocked troops who had been told victory was imminent, fueling the “stab-in-the-back” myth that blamed civilians and politicians for betrayal.

Despite the armistice, 2,738 German soldiers died on the war’s last day, including Lieutenant Tomas, the last known German casualty

In summary, German soldiers’ experiences reflected the collision of rigid militarism, industrialized warfare, and the collapse of national myths, leaving a legacy of trauma and disillusionment that shaped inter-war Germany.

The First World War reshaped global politics

The First World War (1914–1918) reshaped global politics, economics, and society, leaving enduring lessons that influenced the 20th-century.

Human life is sacred and inviolable. War, which involves the intentional taking of lives, is morally indefensible.

Violence begets more violence. Ethical behaviour requires seeking peaceful solutions to conflicts, and yes, aligning with philosophies such as those of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

The indiscriminate nature of modern warfare often results in civilian casualties and suffering, which some view as unacceptable collateral damage.

The importance of building societies based on mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation rather than conflict and domination is so Important.

Encouraging dialogue, education, and cultural exchange is essential for fostering a global culture of peace and understanding.

George Orwell made an observation regarding the physical stature of policemen after the First World War. In his essay "The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius," Orwell noted that policemen seemed to be "noticeably smaller" than before the war. This comment was part of a broader critique of the societal changes and the decline of certain standards in post-war Britain.

When soldiers returned to Britain after the First World War, their expectations and experiences were shaped by a mix of hope, uncertainty, and the challenges of reintegration into civilian life. 

Many returning soldiers hoped to find stable employment and reintegrate into the workforce, leveraging skills they had acquired during their military service.

The transition was often difficult due to a post-war economic downturn. Unemployment was high, and many veterans struggled to find jobs, leading to disillusionment and frustration.

Soldiers anticipated recognition for their service and sacrifices, expecting gratitude and respect from the society they defended.

While there were initial expressions of gratitude, such as parades and memorials, the long-term support for veterans was often inadequate. Many felt forgotten or underappreciated, especially as economic hardships persisted.

Some soldiers sought understanding and support for the psychological trauma they experienced, known as "shell shock" at the time.  Mental health support was limited, and societal understanding of psychological trauma was minimal. Many veterans suffered in silence, facing stigma and a lack of effective treatment.

Some veterans expected their experiences to lead to social and political change, hoping for a more equitable society. The war did contribute to significant social changes, including shifts in class dynamics and the expansion of the electorate. However, progress was slow, and many veterans felt that their sacrifices did not translate into the societal reforms they had hoped for.

"Homes fit for heroes"

Lloyd George famously promised returning soldiers "homes fit for heroes," raising expectations for improved living conditions and housing after the war.

While some efforts were made to improve housing, progress was slow and insufficient to meet the demand. The housing shortage left many veterans and their families in inadequate conditions, leading to widespread disappointment.

Discontent contributed to social and political unrest, with veterans participating in strikes and protests demanding better conditions and treatment.

Discontent over pay and working conditions led to a police strike (1919) in London and Liverpool, highlighting unrest even among key state workers.

The 1926 General Strike: Though occurring a few years later, was partly rooted in post-war economic difficulties. It involved miners, transport workers, and other sectors, protesting wage reductions and poor working conditions.

In Germany The Spartacist Uprising (1919): Led by the Spartacist League, a Marxist revolutionary movement, this uprising sought to establish a socialist state. It was violently suppressed by the Weimar government.

When capitalists from various nations come into conflict and engage in warfare, it is typically not they who take up arms; rather, they enlist the working classes of their countries to fight on their behalf, in other words workers are used as canon foder.

Patriotism and jingoism

This situation necessitated an appeal to patriotism and jingoism, with politicians traveling across the nation to stoke fervor for the war. A notable figure in this endeavor was Horatio Bottomley, who styled himself as the People’s Tribune, despite being a discredited bankrupt prior to the conflict. In his quest to enlist recruits, he amassed £78,000, which he squandered on racehorses, women, and champagne. For young male workers of military age who resisted the compelling call to arms, young women were tasked with pinning white feathers on them as a symbol of cowardice.

The capitalist class was not content with their workers merely facing bullets and bombs on the battlefields; they also expressed dissatisfaction with the workers' output on the home front. In the UK, there was significant blame directed at munitions workers for the shortages of shells required for the war effort, with accusations that they were preoccupied with drinking in pubs. As a result, restrictions on pub hours were implemented, which remained in effect until the 1990s.

The phrase "The war to end all wars" stands as one of the most ironic statements in history. Rather than putting an end to conflicts, the First World War planted the seeds for future wars. The punitive measures imposed by the Versailles Peace Treaty fostered a deep sense of grievance in Germany, leading to the perception that the nation had been unfairly betrayed. This sentiment was skillfully exploited by German nationalists, including the Nazis, for their own agendas. Additionally, the heavy reparations imposed on Germany resulted in significant economic instability, exemplified by the hyperinflation of 1923, which created a fertile environment for aggressive nationalist movements like the Nazis to thrive. The growing animosity between the Western Powers and the Bolshevik regime foreshadowed the Cold War, which would come to dominate the twentieth century. Although the League of Nations was established with the intention of preventing further conflicts, it proved ineffective, as it failed to address the root cause - competition among capitalist powers for global markets and resources. Within the framework of capitalism, wars are ultimately inevitable.

Pensioner poverty

Pensioner poverty

A recent report by Age UK highlights that certain groups of pensioners continue to face significant challenges regarding the cost of living, with conditions deteriorating compared to the previous year.

The most adversely affected demographics include older individuals with disabilities, older renters, and those subsisting on low to modest incomes.

According to new research from Age UK, one in three pensioners (34%), representing approximately 4.1 million individuals, reported feeling less financially secure as they approach 2025 than they did at the start of 2024.

The overall financial situation has worsened for all pensioners, particularly among specific sub-groups such as older individuals with disabilities, older renters, and those with low to modest incomes. Additionally, other vulnerable groups include older women, individuals living alone, and older caregivers.

In a representative survey of individuals aged 66 and above, participants conveyed to Age UK that their concerns regarding the cost of living remain far from resolved.

The Charity's latest report expresses deep concern regarding the rising energy costs and the challenges faced by older individuals in affording essential items. This situation has been exacerbated by the withdrawal of the Winter Fuel Payment for many on low and modest incomes, including those with health issues.

Starting in April 2025, energy prices are projected to exceed 50% of their levels at the beginning of 2022. Although inflation has decreased to near pre-2022 levels, with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) recorded at 3% in January 2025, the prices of everyday necessities, such as groceries, remain significantly elevated compared to previous years.

Amidst these financial strains, Age UK's research indicates that nearly three in five pensioners (59%), equating to 2.9 million individuals, have opted to reduce their heating or electricity usage. A significant number of these pensioners would prefer to forgo heating altogether rather than incur debt, a sentiment that rises to 65% among female pensioners. 

The harsh truth is that it is essential to focus on increasing our savings to prevent the possibility of retiring in financial hardship, a challenge that has become increasingly difficult in today’s economic climate.

Will society be incapable of providing future pensioners with a standard of living comparable to what they enjoy today? Is there a looming generational conflict between the working population and retirees regarding the distribution of national income between wages and pensions?

The succinct answer is: No. These narratives are largely alarmist tales propagated by employers aiming to lessen their contributions to company pension schemes, as well as by insurance companies seeking to increase sales of private pensions.

However, in contemporary capitalist society, there exists another group that does not work yet relies on the labour of others for their upkeep: individuals who derive income from what has traditionally been termed "unearned income." This category includes earnings from rents, interest, and dividends stemming from property ownership. This serves as a fundamental definition of a member of the capitalist class: someone who possesses enough profit-generating assets to sustain themselves without engaging in labour.

Age UK Report

Young People Are Resisting

Young People Are Resisting

It’s ill-mannered to point a finger at someone we were taught. It’s more ill-mannered to use a pointing finger to con, persuade, influence and sway young men to sign up and fight capitalism’s conflicts for it.

Lord Kitchener, Secretary of War during World War One was featured on a propaganda poster pointing his finger and exhorting, (threatening?) those viewing it. Under his picture were the words ‘Wants You. Join your country’s army! God save the king.’ This appeal to patriotism, or stupidity, was considered an effective way of persuading British young men to voluntarily enlist. Based on this original, there were many other capitalist states who issued similar brainwashing images.

Young people today are often more informed and critical of the narratives presented to them.

This resistance often manifests in various ways, including protests, activism, and vocal opposition to policies they perceive as unjust or outdated.

So well done Youth Demand!

Youth Demand

Mike Martin, a veteran of the Afghanistan conflict and the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Tunbridge Wells, issued a serious caution to the British public as Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine continues unabated.

Mike Martin advocates for the UK government to contemplate the reintroduction of conscription. He argues that the current geopolitical climate necessitates a robust defence strategy, which may involve mobilising a larger segment of the population to ensure national security.

I think young people today in this Modern Age are not as gullible as they once were, they are better educated to know better that's why there is so much talk of "Conscription" in the media, and from politicians Army generals.

Indeed, young people today are often more informed and critical of the narratives presented to them, thanks in large part to the accessibility of information through the internet and social media. This heightened awareness allows them to question authority, scrutinise motives, and engage in discussions about the implications of war, nationalism, and economic systems.

The conversation on the other hand from young people is around "construction" and reflects a desire for building a better future, focusing on peace, sustainability, and social justice rather than conflict. Many young individuals are drawn to movements that advocate for constructive solutions to global issues, such as climate change, inequality, and systemic injustice. They recognise the importance of collaboration over conflict and see the value in collective action to address these pressing challenges.

Furthermore, contemporary education emphasises critical thinking and media literacy, equipping young people with the tools to analyse and deconstruct propaganda and persuasive messaging. This shift in mindset represents a significant departure from previous generations who may have been more susceptible to simplistic appeals to patriotism or duty.

As a result, the discourse has evolved from one of blind allegiance to a more nuanced understanding of the complexities of global conflicts and the responsibilities of citizenship. Young people are increasingly advocating for dialogue, empathy, and innovative approaches to problem-solving, demonstrating that they are not just passive recipients of information but active participants in shaping the future.

The discussion around conscription today often reflects a broader awareness among young people about the implications of mandatory military service and the historical context surrounding it. Unlike previous generations, many young individuals are equipped with the knowledge and critical thinking skills necessary to evaluate the reasons behind calls for conscription, especially in the face of modern conflicts and geopolitical tensions.

This heightened awareness has led to debates about the ethics and necessity of conscription, as well as an understanding of its impact on personal freedoms and societal obligations. Young people are increasingly questioning the motivations behind such policies, exploring whether they serve national interests or merely perpetuate cycles of conflict and militarization.

Moreover, with the rise of social media and global connectivity, young people are able to share perspectives and experiences from around the world, fostering a more informed dialogue about the consequences of war and the value of alternative forms of service, such as community engagement or humanitarian work. This shift signifies a movement towards prioritising constructive solutions rather than military ones, reflecting a desire for peace and collaboration in addressing global challenges.

As discussions about conscription continue, young voices are advocating for a reconsideration of what citizenship and service mean in the modern age. This generation is increasingly focused on building bridges rather than walls or wars, emphasising the importance of diplomacy, dialogue, and understanding in a complex world.